Trainings should cover the risk, among other things, interdisciplinary meetings modules, evaluation of risk factors and prevention of intimidation, repeat and secondary victimisation and the availability of protection and support measures for victims. (60) In order to ensure victims of violence against women and domestic violence are identified and receive appropriate support, Member States should ensure that professionals likely to come into contact with victims receive training and targeted information, in particular for judges, lawyers, law enforcement, social and medical workers, including psychologists. 40 Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention),Council of Europe, 2011. 39a Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), United Nations, 2006. _ 39 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), UNGA, 1979. (10) This Directive supports the international commitments the Member States have undertaken to combat and prevent violence against women and domestic violence, in particular the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)39 an, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Chil d, w t he re relevant, United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)39a, and the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (‘Istanbul Convention’)40 and the International Labour Organization’s Convention concerning the elimination of violence and harassment in the world of work, signed on 21 June 2019 in Geneva. 37 Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA, OJ L 335,, p. _ 36 Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, OJ L 101,, p. Domestic violence is a form of violence which may be specifically criminalised under national law or covered by criminal offences which are committed within the family or domestic unit or between former or current spouses or intimate partner. This includes crimes such as femicide, sexual harassment, sexual abuse, stalking, early and forced marriage, forced abortion, forced sterilisation and different forms of cyber violence, such as online sexual harassment, cyber bullying or the unsolicited receipt of sexually explicit material. Lastly, certain criminal offences under national law fall under the definition of violence against women. This includes the criminal offences defined in this Directive, namely rape, female genital mutilation, the non- consensual sharing of intimate or manipulated material, cyber stalking, cyber harassment, cyber incitement to violence or hatred and criminal conduct covered by other Union instruments, in particular Directives 2011/36/EU/93/EU37 of the European Parliament and of the Council, which define criminal offences concerning the sexual exploitation of children and trafficking of human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation. (4) This Directive should apply to criminal conduct which amounts to violence against women or domestic violence, as criminalised under Union or national law.
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